May has been another rough month; Calvin has suffered eight grand mal seizures, three of them within thirty hours, though just two focal (partial) seizures. In April he had just one grand mal, though ten focal seizures. A recent EEG captured one of this month's grand mal seizures, plus a number of focal and generalized "discharges," which were explained to me by Calvin's neurologist as possible precursor to seizures which never emerged. Other suspicious behaviors, however, such as space-outs, finger stimming, flushed cheeks, shivers and jerks, rapid breathing, eye pressing, tummy grumbles, ear rubbing, insomnia with repetitive humming, clammy hands, rapid, pounding heartbeat and other panicky behaviors were reportedly not seizure related.
This news made me wonder if Calvin's suspicious behaviors are drug related, including the uptick in seizures after having increased his one pharmaceutical, Keppra, in early March to account for weight gain. So, in my ceaseless sleuthing to unearth ways to reduce Calvin's seizures and improve his quality of life, I went back to the Internet to study—for the umpteenth time—Keppra's side effects. I read what I had long suspected, that seizures can be a side effect of Keppra. In understanding that most side effects are dose related, and with the knowledge that Calvin has always been on an extremely high dose of Keppra (as high as 86 mgs per kg compared with the mean therapeutic dose of 44 mgs per kg) we decided to decrease his dose by ten percent (from 75 to 66 mgs per kg) to see if the side effects he seems to suffer might abate. It is too early to tell for sure, though his behavior and sleep do appear, generally, to be slightly improved.
Below is a list of Keppra side effects taken from the website drugs.com. I have highlighted the ones I sense Calvin might be suffering. Some of the side effects, such as joint, bone and muscle pain, I can never know with certainty; since Calvin can't speak, I can only presume.
I should note that for some people, like any antiepileptic drug, Keppra works wonders. And, sadly, all antiepileptic drugs have scores of side effects.
In Summary:
Common side effects of Keppra include: infection, neurosis, drowsiness, asthenia, headache, nasopharyngitis, nervousness, abnormal behavior, aggressive behavior, agitation, anxiety, apathy, depersonalization, depression, fatigue, hostility, hyperkinetic muscle activity, personality disorder, emotional lability, irritability, laceration, and mood changes. Other side effects include: tonic clonic epilepsy, dizziness, vertigo, decreased neutrophils, depressed mood, neck pain, and pain. See below for a comprehensive list of adverse effects.
I should note that for some people, like any antiepileptic drug, Keppra works wonders. And, sadly, all antiepileptic drugs have scores of side effects.
In Summary:
Common side effects of Keppra include: infection, neurosis, drowsiness, asthenia, headache, nasopharyngitis, nervousness, abnormal behavior, aggressive behavior, agitation, anxiety, apathy, depersonalization, depression, fatigue, hostility, hyperkinetic muscle activity, personality disorder, emotional lability, irritability, laceration, and mood changes. Other side effects include: tonic clonic epilepsy, dizziness, vertigo, decreased neutrophils, depressed mood, neck pain, and pain. See below for a comprehensive list of adverse effects.
More Common:
anxiety
change in personality
chills
cough or hoarseness
crying
depersonalization
diarrhea
dry mouth
euphoria
fever
general feeling of discomfort or illness
hallucination
headache
hyperventilation
irregular heartbeats
irritability
joint pain
loss of appetite
lower back or side pain
mental depression
muscle aches and pains
nausea
painful or difficult urinationparanoia
quick to react or overreact emotionally
rapidly changing moods
restlessness
shaking
shivering
shortness of breath
sleepiness or unusual drowsiness
sore throat
stuffy or runny nose
sweating
trouble sleeping
unusual tiredness or weakness
vomiting
Less Common:
bloody nose
burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, "pins and needles", or tingling feelings
clumsiness or unsteadiness
discouragement
dizziness or lightheadedness
double vision
earache
feeling of constant movement of self or surroundings
feeling sad or empty
increase in body movements
loss of bladder control
loss of memory
mood or mental changes
outburst of anger
pain or tenderness around the eyes and cheekbones
problems with memory
redness or swelling in the ear
seizures
sensation of spinning
shakiness and unsteady walk
shakiness in the legs, arms, hands, or feet
tightness of the chest
tiredness
trembling or shaking of the hands or feet
trouble concentrating
unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination
burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling, "pins and needles", or tingling feelings
clumsiness or unsteadiness
discouragement
dizziness or lightheadedness
double vision
earache
feeling of constant movement of self or surroundings
feeling sad or empty
increase in body movements
loss of bladder control
loss of memory
mood or mental changes
outburst of anger
pain or tenderness around the eyes and cheekbones
problems with memory
redness or swelling in the ear
seizures
sensation of spinning
shakiness and unsteady walk
shakiness in the legs, arms, hands, or feet
tightness of the chest
tiredness
trembling or shaking of the hands or feet
trouble concentrating
unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination
Incidence Not Known:
Attempts at killing oneself
being forgetful
bleeding gums
blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin
bloating
blood in the urine or stools
bloody, black, or tarry stools
blurred vision
changes in vision
chest pain
constipation
dark urine
difficulty with moving
fast heartbeat
fever with or without chills
general feeling of tiredness or weakness
high fever
increase in body movements
indigestion
itching
light-colored stools
muscle pains or stiffness
painful or difficult urination
pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back
pale skin
pinpoint red spots on the skin
red skin lesions, often with a purple center
red, irritated eyes
sores, ulcers, or white spots on the lips or in the mouth
stomach pain, continuing
swollen glands
swollen joints
thoughts or attempts at killing oneself
trouble with balance
twitching, twisting, or uncontrolled repetitive movements of the tongue, lips, face, arms, or legs
uncontrolled jerking or twisting movements of the hands, arms, or legs
uncontrolled movements of the lips, tongue, or cheeks
unexplained bleeding or bruising
unusual bleeding or bruising
upper right abdominal or stomach pain
weight loss
yellow eyes or skin
being forgetful
bleeding gums
blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin
bloating
blood in the urine or stools
bloody, black, or tarry stools
blurred vision
changes in vision
chest pain
constipation
dark urine
difficulty with moving
fast heartbeat
fever with or without chills
general feeling of tiredness or weakness
high fever
increase in body movements
indigestion
itching
light-colored stools
muscle pains or stiffness
painful or difficult urination
pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back
pale skin
pinpoint red spots on the skin
red skin lesions, often with a purple center
red, irritated eyes
sores, ulcers, or white spots on the lips or in the mouth
stomach pain, continuing
swollen glands
swollen joints
thoughts or attempts at killing oneself
trouble with balance
twitching, twisting, or uncontrolled repetitive movements of the tongue, lips, face, arms, or legs
uncontrolled jerking or twisting movements of the hands, arms, or legs
uncontrolled movements of the lips, tongue, or cheeks
unexplained bleeding or bruising
unusual bleeding or bruising
upper right abdominal or stomach pain
weight loss
yellow eyes or skin
General:
The more commonly reported adverse reactions in
children have included fatigue, aggression, nasal congestion, decreased appetite, and irritability.
Nervous system:
Very common (10% or more): Headache (14%), somnolence (14%)
Common (1% to 10%): Dizziness, ataxia, vertigo, paresthesia, coordination difficulties
Postmarketing reports: Choreoathetosis, dyskinesia
Psychiatric:
Very Common (10% or more): Non-psychotic behavioral symptoms (up to 38%), psychotic symptoms (up to 17%)
Common (1% to 10%): Depression, nervousness, amnesia, anxiety, hostility, emotional lability, irritability, mood swings, hypersomnia, insomnia, apathy, tearfulness, negativism
Postmarketing reports: Panic attack
In studies, non-psychotic behavioral symptoms (reported as aggression, agitation, anger, anxiety, apathy, depersonalization, depression, emotional lability, hostility, hyperkinesias, irritability, nervousness, neurosis, and personality disorder) were reported in 38% of pediatric patients aged 4 to 16 years compared to 19% in placebo patients. Dose reduction or discontinuation due to behavioral symptoms occurred in 11% of pediatric patients.
Hematologic:
In pediatric patients 4 to 16 years old, mean decreases in WBC and neutrophils were 0.4 x 10(9)/L and 0.3 x 10(9)/L, respectively, compared to small increases in placebo patients. Mean relative lymphocyte counts increased by 1.7% in patients receiving this drug (placebo=decrease of 4%).
Common (1% to 10%): Decreased white blood cell count (WBC), decreased neutrophil count, increased lymphocyte counts, higher eosinophil counts
Frequency not reported: Decreases in white blood cell, neutrophil, and red blood cell counts; decreased in hemoglobin and hematocrit; increases in eosinophil counts
Postmarketing reports: Pancytopenia (with bone marrow suppression reported in some cases), thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis
Hypersensitivity:
Postmarketing reports: Anaphylaxis
Dermatologic:
Alopecia reported with this drug resolved with discontinuation of therapy in most cases.
Frequency not reported: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
Postmarketing reports: Erythema multiforme, alopecia, angioedema
Other:
Very common (10% or more): Asthenia (15%), fatigue (10%)
Common (1% to 10%): Pain, vertigo
Respiratory:
Common (1% to 10%): Pharyngitis, rhinitis, increased cough, sinusitis
Gastrointestinal:
Common (1% to 10%): Diarrhea, gastroenteritis, constipation
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Nausea
Postmarketing reports: Pancreatitis
Ocular:
Common (1% to 10%): Diplopia
Hepatic:
Postmarketing reports: Abnormal liver function tests, hepatic failure, hepatitis
Musculoskeletal:
Common (1% to 10%): Neck pain
Postmarketing reports: Muscular weakness
Immunologic:
Very common (10% or more): Infection (13%)
Common (1% to 10%): Influenza
Postmarketing reports: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).
Metabolic:
Common (1% to 10%): Anorexia
Postmarketing reports: Weight loss, hyponatremia
Cardiovascular:
Very common (10% or more): Increased diastolic blood pressure.
Renal:
Postmarketing reports: Acute kidney injury
Nervous system:
Very common (10% or more): Headache (14%), somnolence (14%)
Common (1% to 10%): Dizziness, ataxia, vertigo, paresthesia, coordination difficulties
Postmarketing reports: Choreoathetosis, dyskinesia
Psychiatric:
Very Common (10% or more): Non-psychotic behavioral symptoms (up to 38%), psychotic symptoms (up to 17%)
Common (1% to 10%): Depression, nervousness, amnesia, anxiety, hostility, emotional lability, irritability, mood swings, hypersomnia, insomnia, apathy, tearfulness, negativism
Postmarketing reports: Panic attack
In studies, non-psychotic behavioral symptoms (reported as aggression, agitation, anger, anxiety, apathy, depersonalization, depression, emotional lability, hostility, hyperkinesias, irritability, nervousness, neurosis, and personality disorder) were reported in 38% of pediatric patients aged 4 to 16 years compared to 19% in placebo patients. Dose reduction or discontinuation due to behavioral symptoms occurred in 11% of pediatric patients.
Hematologic:
In pediatric patients 4 to 16 years old, mean decreases in WBC and neutrophils were 0.4 x 10(9)/L and 0.3 x 10(9)/L, respectively, compared to small increases in placebo patients. Mean relative lymphocyte counts increased by 1.7% in patients receiving this drug (placebo=decrease of 4%).
Common (1% to 10%): Decreased white blood cell count (WBC), decreased neutrophil count, increased lymphocyte counts, higher eosinophil counts
Frequency not reported: Decreases in white blood cell, neutrophil, and red blood cell counts; decreased in hemoglobin and hematocrit; increases in eosinophil counts
Postmarketing reports: Pancytopenia (with bone marrow suppression reported in some cases), thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis
Hypersensitivity:
Postmarketing reports: Anaphylaxis
Dermatologic:
Alopecia reported with this drug resolved with discontinuation of therapy in most cases.
Frequency not reported: Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
Postmarketing reports: Erythema multiforme, alopecia, angioedema
Other:
Very common (10% or more): Asthenia (15%), fatigue (10%)
Common (1% to 10%): Pain, vertigo
Respiratory:
Common (1% to 10%): Pharyngitis, rhinitis, increased cough, sinusitis
Gastrointestinal:
Common (1% to 10%): Diarrhea, gastroenteritis, constipation
Uncommon (0.1% to 1%): Nausea
Postmarketing reports: Pancreatitis
Ocular:
Common (1% to 10%): Diplopia
Hepatic:
Postmarketing reports: Abnormal liver function tests, hepatic failure, hepatitis
Musculoskeletal:
Common (1% to 10%): Neck pain
Postmarketing reports: Muscular weakness
Immunologic:
Very common (10% or more): Infection (13%)
Common (1% to 10%): Influenza
Postmarketing reports: Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).
Metabolic:
Common (1% to 10%): Anorexia
Postmarketing reports: Weight loss, hyponatremia
Cardiovascular:
Very common (10% or more): Increased diastolic blood pressure.
Renal:
Postmarketing reports: Acute kidney injury
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| Photo by Michael Kolster |
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